Peptide record

TPDB04906

GGN6 Antibacterial Anticancer Antifungal Antiparasitic Antiviral Toxicity standard
24 amino acids
Basic Information
3D PDB MODEL
Drag to rotate. Click a residue or atom to inspect it; the selected residue is highlighted in amber.
TPDB04906
GGN6
Antibacterial Anticancer Antifungal Antiparasitic Antiviral Toxicity
Anti-infective peptides Cancer-related peptides Toxicity and safety peptides
AntiBP3 dbAMP DRAMP pep-lab Peptipedia ACP740 _ACP240 AntiCP 2.0 CancerPPD 2.0 SATPdb dbACP iACP-DRLF AFP-GFuse Antifungipept CAFPdb i2APP dbAMP 3.0 ToxinPred 3.0
standard
No
A 24-aa standard natural multi-activity (Antibacterial, Anticancer, Antifungal, and other sources) peptide sequence curated from AntiBP3, dbAMP, DRAMP, and other sources, with an available 3D structural model.
Sequence
FLPLLAGLAANFLPTIICKISYKC
Physicochemical Analysis
C125H201N27O29S2
RDEQHMWV
L
2610.25
9.03
2
0
14
+2
-4.34
1.283
142.50
Mammalian: 1.1 hour Yeast: 3 min E.coli: 2 min
1615
61.87
6
Residue Composition
number
3
A
0
R
1
N
0
D
2
C
0
E
0
Q
1
G
0
H
3
I
5
L
2
K
0
M
2
F
2
P
1
S
1
T
0
W
1
Y
0
V
Amino Acid Distribution
A: 3 R: 0 N: 1 D: 0 C: 2 E: 0 Q: 0 G: 1 H: 0 I: 3 L: 5 K: 2 M: 0 F: 2 P: 2 S: 1 T: 1 W: 0 Y: 1 V: 0
Chemical Descriptors
24
C125H201N27O29S2
2610.25
9.03
+2
-4.34
1.283
Free
L
Cyclic(C18-C24)
Free
Antibacterial
Gaegurin
Evidence Records 48 records
Evidence 1 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antibacterial
2.5 µg/mL

Target

M. luteus

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP

Other

Source Activity Label Source Definition
Antibacterial
dbAMP classified as Antibacterial under the Anti-bacterial function class. DRAMP antibacterial activity supported by MIC records against bacterial target organisms.
Active against M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml),
Evidence 2 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antibacterial
10 µg/mL

Target

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP

Other

Active against M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml),
Evidence 3 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antibacterial
10 µg/mL

Target

B. subtilis

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP

Other

Active against M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.
Evidence 4 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antibacterial
50 µg/mL

Target

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP

Other

nst M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E.
Evidence 5 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antibacterial
50 µg/mL

Target

S. dysentariae

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP

Other

S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevi
Evidence 6 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antibacterial
150 µg/mL

Target

P.putida

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP

Other

B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. a
Evidence 7 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antibacterial
150 µg/mL

Target

P.aeruginosa

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP

Other

l), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also
Evidence 8 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antibacterial
100 µg/mL

Target

Escherichia coli

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP

Other

ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also inhibits the growth of fi
Evidence 9 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antibacterial
50 µg/mL

Target

S. cerevisiae

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP

Other

50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also inhibits the growth of filamentous fungus A. nidulans.
Evidence 10 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antibacterial
50 µg/mL

Target

Candida albicans

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP

Other

/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also inhibits the growth of filamentous fungus A. nidulans. It also ruptured protozoan A
Evidence 11 Activity

Activity

IC50
IC50=6.49 µg/ml
Anticancer
6.49 µg/mL

Target

Lung Cancer
A-549
Lung

Assay & Model

MTT/MTS assay
96-h

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 CancerPPD 2.0 dbACP SATPdb
CancerPPD2
2003

Other

Source Activity Label Source Definition
Anticancer
CancerPPD 2.0 manually curated experimentally verified anticancer peptide/protein annotation. dbAMP 3.0 classified as Anticancer under the disease-associated peptide function classes.
Evidence 12 Activity

Activity

IC50
IC50=5.62 µg/ml
Anticancer
5.62 µg/mL

Target

Renal Cancer
293
Renal

Assay & Model

MTT/MTS assay
96-h

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 CancerPPD 2.0 dbACP SATPdb
CancerPPD2
2003
Evidence 13 Activity

Activity

IC50
IC50=5.75 µg/ml
Anticancer
5.75 µg/mL

Target

Renal Cancer
293
Renal

Assay & Model

MTT/MTS assay
96-h

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 CancerPPD 2.0 dbACP SATPdb
CancerPPD2
2003
Evidence 14 Activity

Activity

IC50
IC50=4.91 µg/ml
Anticancer
4.91 µg/mL

Target

Liver Cancer
Hep3B
Liver

Assay & Model

MTT/MTS assay
96-h

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 CancerPPD 2.0 dbACP SATPdb
CancerPPD2
2003
Evidence 15 Activity

Activity

IC50
IC50=4.88 µg/ml
Anticancer
4.88 µg/mL

Target

Breast Cancer
MCF-7
Breast

Assay & Model

MTT/MTS assay
96-h

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 CancerPPD 2.0 dbACP SATPdb
CancerPPD2
2003
Evidence 16 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antifungal
2.5 µg/mL

Target

M. luteus

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP CAFPdb Antifungipept

Other

Source Activity Label Source Definition
Antifungal
dbAMP classified under the Anti-fungal function class. DRAMP antifungal activity supported by activity records against fungal target organisms.
Active against M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml),
Evidence 17 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antifungal
10 µg/mL

Target

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP CAFPdb Antifungipept

Other

Active against M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml),
Evidence 18 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antifungal
10 µg/mL

Target

B. subtilis

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP CAFPdb Antifungipept

Other

Active against M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.
Evidence 19 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antifungal
50 µg/mL

Target

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP CAFPdb Antifungipept

Other

nst M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E.
Evidence 20 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antifungal
50 µg/mL

Target

S. dysentariae

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP CAFPdb Antifungipept

Other

S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevi
Evidence 21 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antifungal
150 µg/mL

Target

P.putida

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP CAFPdb Antifungipept

Other

B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. a
Evidence 22 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antifungal
150 µg/mL

Target

P.aeruginosa

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP CAFPdb Antifungipept

Other

l), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also
Evidence 23 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antifungal
100 µg/mL

Target

Escherichia coli

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP CAFPdb Antifungipept

Other

ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also inhibits the growth of fi
Evidence 24 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antifungal
50 µg/mL

Target

S. cerevisiae

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP CAFPdb Antifungipept

Other

50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also inhibits the growth of filamentous fungus A. nidulans.
Evidence 25 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antifungal
50 µg/mL

Target

Candida albicans

Source & Reference

dbAMP DRAMP CAFPdb Antifungipept

Other

/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also inhibits the growth of filamentous fungus A. nidulans. It also ruptured protozoan A
Evidence 26 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiparasitic
2.5 µg/mL

Target

M. luteus

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

Source Activity Label Source Definition
Antiparasitic
DRAMP antiparasitic activity supported by activity records against parasitic targets. dbAMP 3.0 classified under the Anti-parasitic function class.
Active against M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml),
Evidence 27 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiparasitic
10 µg/mL

Target

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

Active against M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml),
Evidence 28 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiparasitic
10 µg/mL

Target

B. subtilis

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

Active against M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.
Evidence 29 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiparasitic
50 µg/mL

Target

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

nst M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E.
Evidence 30 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiparasitic
50 µg/mL

Target

S. dysentariae

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevi
Evidence 31 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiparasitic
150 µg/mL

Target

P.putida

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. a
Evidence 32 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiparasitic
150 µg/mL

Target

P.aeruginosa

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

l), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also
Evidence 33 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiparasitic
100 µg/mL

Target

Escherichia coli

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also inhibits the growth of fi
Evidence 34 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiparasitic
50 µg/mL

Target

S. cerevisiae

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also inhibits the growth of filamentous fungus A. nidulans.
Evidence 35 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiparasitic
50 µg/mL

Target

Candida albicans

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also inhibits the growth of filamentous fungus A. nidulans. It also ruptured protozoan A
Evidence 36 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiviral
2.5 µg/mL

Target

M. luteus

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

Source Activity Label Source Definition
Antiviral
DRAMP antiviral activity supported by activity records against viral targets. dbAMP 3.0 classified under the Anti-viral function class.
Active against M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml),
Evidence 37 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiviral
10 µg/mL

Target

Staphylococcus epidermidis

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

Active against M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml),
Evidence 38 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiviral
10 µg/mL

Target

B. subtilis

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

Active against M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.
Evidence 39 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiviral
50 µg/mL

Target

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

nst M. luteus (MIC 2.5 ug/ml), S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E.
Evidence 40 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiviral
50 µg/mL

Target

S. dysentariae

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

S. epidermidis (MIC 10 ug/ml), B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevi
Evidence 41 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiviral
150 µg/mL

Target

P.putida

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

B. subtilis (MIC 10 ug/ml), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. a
Evidence 42 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiviral
150 µg/mL

Target

P.aeruginosa

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

l), K. pneumoniae (MIC 50 ug/ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also
Evidence 43 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiviral
100 µg/mL

Target

Escherichia coli

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

ml), S. dysentariae (MIC 50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also inhibits the growth of fi
Evidence 44 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiviral
50 µg/mL

Target

S. cerevisiae

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

50 ug/ml), P.putida (MIC150 ug/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also inhibits the growth of filamentous fungus A. nidulans.
Evidence 45 Activity

Activity

MIC
Antiviral
50 µg/mL

Target

Candida albicans

Source & Reference

dbAMP 3.0 DRAMP

Other

/ml), P.aeruginosa (MIC150 ug/ml), E. coli (MIC 100 ug/ml), S. cerevisiae (MIC 50 ug/ml), C. albicans (MIC 50 ug/ml). Also inhibits the growth of filamentous fungus A. nidulans. It also ruptured protozoan A
Evidence 46 Activity

Activity

1% Hemolysis
Toxicity
100 µg/mL
Hemolytic Cytotoxic
1% Hemolysis | 100 | µg/mL | target cell: Human erythrocytes

Target

Human erythrocytes

Source & Reference

NA
DBAASP
Antimicrobial peptides from the skin of a Korean frog, Rana rugosa. | Biochem Biophys Res Commun | 1994
Evidence 47 Activity

Activity

IC50
Toxicity
5.62±1.50 µg/mL
Cytotoxic
IC50 | 5.62±1.50 | µg/mL | target cell: Human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells

Target

Human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells

Source & Reference

NA
DBAASP
In vitro activities of native and designed peptide antibiotics against drug sensitive and resistant tumor cell lines. | Peptides | 2003
Evidence 48 Activity

Activity

Toxicity
Hemolytic
Hemolytic_activity: [Ref.7999137] It has 0.39% hemolytic activity at 0.1 µg/ml, 0.62% hemolytic activity at 1 µg/ml, 0.78% hemolytic activity at 10 µg/ml, 0.86% hemolytic activity at 100 µg/ml against human red blood cells

Target

erythrocytes

Source & Reference

NA
DRAMP
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1994 Nov 30 205(1):948-954.